Basic Concepts of Networking
1st Session
It is simply a group of interconnected computers.
Example: Internet, ATM, home network
Major Network components:
-communication media
- Interconnecting devices
- computers
- networking software
- applications
Basic Networking Concepts:
1. Topology
2. Protocol
3. Architecture
Friday 11 November 2011
Third week on Software and OS
Software and Operating System
1st Session
Software drives the hardware with the data or instructions. It has 3 categories:
1. System Software
2. Application Software
3. Programming Language
Software Layers
It includes processes to link between the user and hardware.
Operating Systems
It is the most important software in all computer systems. It is also called a platform program.
The functions of OS are following:
1. Starting and shutting down of a computer
2. Providing a user interface
3. Managing programs
4. Managing memory
5. monitoring performance
6. Controlling a network
7. Configuring devices
User Interface
Two types: 1. GUI
2. Command-line interface
Utility Programs
These are used to improve the functions of a computer. OS includes some built-in UP, but most of the users buy these additionally.
Programming Languages
2nd Session
Programming language is a set of words, abbreviations and symbols that enables a programmer to communicate instructions to a computer.
- It is a tool to create & modify programs
- It is a language to communicate between user and computer
Generations of PL
1. Machine Language
2. Assembly Language
3. Procedural Language
4. Object-oriented Language
5. Natural Language
Application Software and Its Installation Procedures
3rd Session
Application Software improves four different sectors:
1. Business
2. Graphics and multimedia
3. Home, personal and educational task
4. Communications
Proprietary software: Open-source and freeware software
Off-the-shelf software: Commercial software
Personal Application Software: AutoCAD, Graphics Design
Workgroup Application Software: Skype, Video Conferencing
Enterprise App. S/w: Computing Enterprise software, Microsoft slim manager
The functions of OS are following:
1. Starting and shutting down of a computer
2. Providing a user interface
3. Managing programs
4. Managing memory
5. monitoring performance
6. Controlling a network
7. Configuring devices
User Interface
Two types: 1. GUI
2. Command-line interface
Utility Programs
These are used to improve the functions of a computer. OS includes some built-in UP, but most of the users buy these additionally.
Programming Languages
2nd Session
Programming language is a set of words, abbreviations and symbols that enables a programmer to communicate instructions to a computer.
- It is a tool to create & modify programs
- It is a language to communicate between user and computer
Generations of PL
1. Machine Language
2. Assembly Language
3. Procedural Language
4. Object-oriented Language
5. Natural Language
Application Software and Its Installation Procedures
3rd Session
Application Software improves four different sectors:
1. Business
2. Graphics and multimedia
3. Home, personal and educational task
4. Communications
Proprietary software: Open-source and freeware software
Off-the-shelf software: Commercial software
Personal Application Software: AutoCAD, Graphics Design
Workgroup Application Software: Skype, Video Conferencing
Enterprise App. S/w: Computing Enterprise software, Microsoft slim manager
Second Week in ICT Class...Advance knowledge on Computer
Computer History
1st Session
We began again a new week of our ICT class and on the 1st Session we got to know about the Computer History. We learned about the milestones in the history of computer development. We learned that The early computer called Abacus used to be used before 1940s. From 1940-1950 it was the age of 1st Generation. During this time they developed Vacuum Tube. From 1950-64 it was the age of Transistor development also called as the 2nd Generation. the 3rd Generation used IC (Integrated Circuit). It was from 1964-1974. The 4th Generation are using VLSI and semiconductor chip; we are living in this generation. We also got to know the First IBM Computer falls under this category. What about the 5th Generation? They are considered from present till the future. We imagine they will develop artificial intelligence and will use advanced technology in various sectors of human life.
Computer Architecture
1st Session Continued...
It refers to the concept of hardware and software and the interconnection between them with the performance and capability of a computer. We learned a computer architecture includes processor, memory, I/O (Input/Output) system, Control unit and ALU. ALU stands for Arithmetic Logic Unit. We also learned 1 byte=8 bits.
We got to know about the categories of computers:
1. Embedded Computers
2. Mobile Devices
3. Personal computers
4. Mid-range Servers
5. Mainframes
6. Supercomputers.
then we had an assignment on the following topic.
Computer Hardware: Motherboard, CPU and Main Memory
2nd Session
System Unit is the 1st topic to talk about. We learned that System Unit components are:
1. Processor
2. Memory
3. Expansion Cards
4. Ports and Connectors
Motherboard and Processor
Now What does Motherboard do? It is the main circuit board in system unit. It contains Chips, ICs and transistors. The Processor is the main part of the computer. Sometimes it is called as CPU. It processes the data and controls the computer.
Central Processing Unit
CPU stands for Central Processing Unit. Memory and Processor are the main parts of CPU. I acts as the brain of the computer. It has two parts. Control Unit (CU) and Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).
Architecture of CPU
It includes Input, Output, Secondary Storage, Memory, Registers, CU and ALU. Data conversion to Information is one of the main task of CPU.
At first Data is sent through Input devices. Then it sends the data to Registers and then to CU through ALU it again comes back to Registers. Then it sends to Memory. the Memory sends to Output devices. If the user wants to store the data, Memory sends the data to Secondary Storage.
Main Memory
There are two parts: RAM & ROM
1. RAM (Random Access Memory)
2. ROM (Read Only Memory)
RAM vs ROM ??
Through ROM we can only read data. But to write the data we need PROM, EPROM, or EEPROM. ROM is non volatile in nature. RAM is just opposite. It is volatile indeed and we can write and read data as well.
Computer Hardware: Storage and I/O Devices
3rd Session
Input Device are used to enter data and instructions into the Main Memory. These are the example of Input Devices:
Reflections Finally:
1. The milestones of computer development in the history and about the five generations.
2. Computer architecture includes Processor, Memory, ALU, Control unit and I/O system.
3. The categories of computers.
4. The architecture of a computer system and the internal operations led by CPU.
1st Session
We began again a new week of our ICT class and on the 1st Session we got to know about the Computer History. We learned about the milestones in the history of computer development. We learned that The early computer called Abacus used to be used before 1940s. From 1940-1950 it was the age of 1st Generation. During this time they developed Vacuum Tube. From 1950-64 it was the age of Transistor development also called as the 2nd Generation. the 3rd Generation used IC (Integrated Circuit). It was from 1964-1974. The 4th Generation are using VLSI and semiconductor chip; we are living in this generation. We also got to know the First IBM Computer falls under this category. What about the 5th Generation? They are considered from present till the future. We imagine they will develop artificial intelligence and will use advanced technology in various sectors of human life. 
Computer Architecture
1st Session Continued...
It refers to the concept of hardware and software and the interconnection between them with the performance and capability of a computer. We learned a computer architecture includes processor, memory, I/O (Input/Output) system, Control unit and ALU. ALU stands for Arithmetic Logic Unit. We also learned 1 byte=8 bits.We got to know about the categories of computers:
1. Embedded Computers
2. Mobile Devices
3. Personal computers
4. Mid-range Servers
5. Mainframes
6. Supercomputers.
then we had an assignment on the following topic.
Computer Hardware: Motherboard, CPU and Main Memory
2nd Session
System Unit is the 1st topic to talk about. We learned that System Unit components are:
1. Processor
2. Memory
3. Expansion Cards
4. Ports and Connectors
Motherboard and Processor
Now What does Motherboard do? It is the main circuit board in system unit. It contains Chips, ICs and transistors. The Processor is the main part of the computer. Sometimes it is called as CPU. It processes the data and controls the computer.
Central Processing Unit
CPU stands for Central Processing Unit. Memory and Processor are the main parts of CPU. I acts as the brain of the computer. It has two parts. Control Unit (CU) and Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).
Architecture of CPU
It includes Input, Output, Secondary Storage, Memory, Registers, CU and ALU. Data conversion to Information is one of the main task of CPU.
At first Data is sent through Input devices. Then it sends the data to Registers and then to CU through ALU it again comes back to Registers. Then it sends to Memory. the Memory sends to Output devices. If the user wants to store the data, Memory sends the data to Secondary Storage.
Main Memory
There are two parts: RAM & ROM
1. RAM (Random Access Memory)
2. ROM (Read Only Memory)
RAM vs ROM ??
Through ROM we can only read data. But to write the data we need PROM, EPROM, or EEPROM. ROM is non volatile in nature. RAM is just opposite. It is volatile indeed and we can write and read data as well.
Computer Hardware: Storage and I/O Devices
3rd Session
Input Device are used to enter data and instructions into the Main Memory. These are the example of Input Devices:
Reflections Finally:
1. The milestones of computer development in the history and about the five generations.
2. Computer architecture includes Processor, Memory, ALU, Control unit and I/O system.
3. The categories of computers.
4. The architecture of a computer system and the internal operations led by CPU.
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